What distinguishes ethical hacking from unauthorized access?

Ethical hacking is fundamentally characterized by its purpose and the consent that supports it. The correct choice highlights that ethical hacking focuses on identifying vulnerabilities within a system or network to improve security. Ethical hackers are typically authorized by organizations to test their systems, aiming to discover and address weaknesses before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach helps enhance cybersecurity measures and safeguard sensitive information.

In contrast, unauthorized access entails gaining entry into a system without consent, which is not only unethical but also illegal. The intention behind unauthorized access can vary, but it usually does not aim to improve security; instead, it may seek to exploit vulnerabilities for personal gain or malicious purposes. Thus, the distinction lies in the objectives and the legal framework governing the activities of ethical hackers compared to those committing unauthorized acts.